《中国国有饭店的转型与变革研究（英文版）》In?1979?China?started?the?policy?of?reform?and?opening-up.?During?thesethirty?years?of?development，?the?tourism?industry?has?gained?valuable?experiences?in?all?phases?of?modernization，?industrialization?and?marketization.However，?in?the?early?years，?the?real?focus?of?the?policy?was?to?earn?hard?currency?from?the?inbound?tourists.?Today?a?new?strategy?has?been?initiated?to?develop?the?three?main?tourist?marketsinbound，?outbound?and?do?mesticmarkets.?In?the?early?stages，?the?tourism?management?organizations?integrated?the?needs?of?both?the?government?authorities?and?the?private?entrepreneurs.The?current?situation?is?that?tourism?associations?and?commercial?enterprisescooperate?under?the?supervision?of?the?government?authorities.?In?the?earlyyears，?the?tourism?operations?were?labor?intensive?with?management?mainlybased?on?experience.